CONSTANTS AND VARIABLES OF COGNITIVE OPERATIONS
Formation of categories is based on various combinations of constant and variable elements of the conceptual system. Constants express those elements that underlie the categorization of phenomena or situations. Variables are a tool for fixing the relationship of the surrounding world and the system of cognitive coordinates. The basic cognitive
structure of categorization is the form “subject – relation – object”. Its elements can be both constants and variables. Two strategies of recategorization are observed: in one case, a constant in the form of an object of the world is defined in relation to a variable, which is a cognitive coordinate, in the other, an extra–linguistic phenomenon as a variable is defined in its relation to a constant – a cognitive coordinate. The variable ‘relation’ defines the type of connection between an extra-linguistic phenomenon and a system of cognitive coordinates. This element reflects human ideas about the way to interact with the outside world. The coordinate system is divided into classification and characterization. The basis of cognitive coordinates is represented by the classification cognitive structure, which is the basic structure of categorization. It is completely constant and consists of various positions formed in a given culture. The classification cognitive structure is a nomenclature of possible ways of categorization. The mechanisms of indirect categorization are based on characterizing cognitive coordinates. The basic function of characterizing cognitive coordinates is to form the basis for categorizing an
object.
Key words: cognitive coordinates, constants; variables; categories; recategorisation.
ON THE LINGUISTS OF MINOR NATIONS: USEIN KURKÇI
Since the end of the 20th century, linguists have been concerned about the disappearance of small languages, and this understanding of the need to preserve them has become a requirement of our era. The viability of a language depends on extralinguistic events that can strengthen or weaken it. The will of the people to preserve and strengthenSHAKESPEARE AND THE BIRDS: LITERARY AND LINGUISTIC ASPECTS. PART II. HAWKS
Shakespeare creates images in two directions: images taken from the world of man, the social structures of society, the customs of people, describing them in houses and palaces, on the battlefields, on the one hand, and on the other hand, he creates images taken from nature. Shakespeare uses plants, animals, insects, fish, the sky, the sea, mountains and valleys in his works. One of the most prominent images of nature in Shakespeare's work is the images of birds. Shakespeare describes birds not only in the peculiarities of their movements, flight, walking, feathers, wings, feeding, in the peculiarities of their hunting and singing. Shakespeare often turns to birds in his works to create images of people, the heroes of his works. The poet juxtaposes birds and people, revealing the characters of his characters. The article examines the linguistic, historical and factual features of the use of the image of birds of prey in the Shakespearean canon.
The first part of the article was devoted to the discussion of the eagle’s image in the Shakespearean canon. In the second part of the article, birds of prey related to hawks are considered: falcon (сокол), osprey (скопа), kestrel (пустельга), merlin (сокол малых размеров), and hobby (хобби). The linguistic, historical and factual features of the use of birds of prey image in the Shakespearean canon are investigated.
«Человек, ни предвосхищенный
предшественниками, ни классифицированный
современниками, ни заменённый известными
или предполагаемыми преемниками».
Уильям Россетти,
писатель XIX века о Уильяме Блейке.